flow heads Search Results


156 pneumotachometer  (ADInstruments)
95
ADInstruments 156 pneumotachometer
156 Pneumotachometer, supplied by ADInstruments, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 95/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/156 pneumotachometer/product/ADInstruments
Average 95 stars, based on 1 article reviews
156 pneumotachometer - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
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3d model of the current flow distribution inside the head  (COMSOL Inc)
90
COMSOL Inc 3d model of the current flow distribution inside the head
a <t>3D</t> <t>model</t> of the current flow distribution inside the head was calculated based on the finite element method using COMSOL Multiphysics software version 5.2 (details in supplementary information). The electrical current flow induced by 1.0 mA stimulation intensity, and electrode positions C3-Fp2, for anodal (a1, 2, 3), and cathodal (a4, 5, 6) stimulation over the motor cortex is shown. ñ .E refers to the absolute electrical field. b , c post-tDCS cortical excitability alterations after anodal, cathodal, and sham stimulation at the circadian-preferred and non-preferred times in early ( b ) and late ( c ) chronotypes ( n = 32, 16 per group). The results of the repeated measures ANOVA showed significant interactions of stimulation × chronotype × daytime and stimulation × chronotype × daytime × timeline (see Table ). The main effects of time of day and chronotype were not significant, however, they significantly interacted. Stimulation and timepoint did not significantly interact with chronotype or time of day (Table ). Post hoc comparisons (Bonferroni-corrected t tests, two-tailed) of MEP amplitudes to respective baseline values, the sham condition, and respective stimulation conditions at different times of day are marked by symbols in the figures. Filled symbols indicate a significant difference of cortical excitability against the respective baseline values. The floating symbol [*] indicates a significant difference between the real vs sham tDCS conditions, and the floating symbol [**] indicates an additional significant difference between respective timepoints of tDCS conditions at the circadian-preferred vs circadian non-preferred times. Sham stimulation did not induce any significant change in cortical excitability. Data are presented as mean values ± SEM. MEP motor-evoked potential, C3 left motor cortex, Fp2 right supraorbital area, V/m volts per meter.
3d Model Of The Current Flow Distribution Inside The Head, supplied by COMSOL Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/3d model of the current flow distribution inside the head/product/COMSOL Inc
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3d model of the current flow distribution inside the head - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
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flow head mlt 1000l  (POWERLAB INC)
90
POWERLAB INC flow head mlt 1000l
a <t>3D</t> <t>model</t> of the current flow distribution inside the head was calculated based on the finite element method using COMSOL Multiphysics software version 5.2 (details in supplementary information). The electrical current flow induced by 1.0 mA stimulation intensity, and electrode positions C3-Fp2, for anodal (a1, 2, 3), and cathodal (a4, 5, 6) stimulation over the motor cortex is shown. ñ .E refers to the absolute electrical field. b , c post-tDCS cortical excitability alterations after anodal, cathodal, and sham stimulation at the circadian-preferred and non-preferred times in early ( b ) and late ( c ) chronotypes ( n = 32, 16 per group). The results of the repeated measures ANOVA showed significant interactions of stimulation × chronotype × daytime and stimulation × chronotype × daytime × timeline (see Table ). The main effects of time of day and chronotype were not significant, however, they significantly interacted. Stimulation and timepoint did not significantly interact with chronotype or time of day (Table ). Post hoc comparisons (Bonferroni-corrected t tests, two-tailed) of MEP amplitudes to respective baseline values, the sham condition, and respective stimulation conditions at different times of day are marked by symbols in the figures. Filled symbols indicate a significant difference of cortical excitability against the respective baseline values. The floating symbol [*] indicates a significant difference between the real vs sham tDCS conditions, and the floating symbol [**] indicates an additional significant difference between respective timepoints of tDCS conditions at the circadian-preferred vs circadian non-preferred times. Sham stimulation did not induce any significant change in cortical excitability. Data are presented as mean values ± SEM. MEP motor-evoked potential, C3 left motor cortex, Fp2 right supraorbital area, V/m volts per meter.
Flow Head Mlt 1000l, supplied by POWERLAB INC, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/flow head mlt 1000l/product/POWERLAB INC
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
flow head mlt 1000l - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
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samba™ g3l hf through-flow grayscale print head  (ImageXpert Inc)
90
ImageXpert Inc samba™ g3l hf through-flow grayscale print head
a <t>3D</t> <t>model</t> of the current flow distribution inside the head was calculated based on the finite element method using COMSOL Multiphysics software version 5.2 (details in supplementary information). The electrical current flow induced by 1.0 mA stimulation intensity, and electrode positions C3-Fp2, for anodal (a1, 2, 3), and cathodal (a4, 5, 6) stimulation over the motor cortex is shown. ñ .E refers to the absolute electrical field. b , c post-tDCS cortical excitability alterations after anodal, cathodal, and sham stimulation at the circadian-preferred and non-preferred times in early ( b ) and late ( c ) chronotypes ( n = 32, 16 per group). The results of the repeated measures ANOVA showed significant interactions of stimulation × chronotype × daytime and stimulation × chronotype × daytime × timeline (see Table ). The main effects of time of day and chronotype were not significant, however, they significantly interacted. Stimulation and timepoint did not significantly interact with chronotype or time of day (Table ). Post hoc comparisons (Bonferroni-corrected t tests, two-tailed) of MEP amplitudes to respective baseline values, the sham condition, and respective stimulation conditions at different times of day are marked by symbols in the figures. Filled symbols indicate a significant difference of cortical excitability against the respective baseline values. The floating symbol [*] indicates a significant difference between the real vs sham tDCS conditions, and the floating symbol [**] indicates an additional significant difference between respective timepoints of tDCS conditions at the circadian-preferred vs circadian non-preferred times. Sham stimulation did not induce any significant change in cortical excitability. Data are presented as mean values ± SEM. MEP motor-evoked potential, C3 left motor cortex, Fp2 right supraorbital area, V/m volts per meter.
Samba™ G3l Hf Through Flow Grayscale Print Head, supplied by ImageXpert Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/samba™ g3l hf through-flow grayscale print head/product/ImageXpert Inc
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
samba™ g3l hf through-flow grayscale print head - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
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gauge head selector switch (10 position common outlet flow-path selector, euta-2lsc10mweslf  (VICI AG)
90
VICI AG gauge head selector switch (10 position common outlet flow-path selector, euta-2lsc10mweslf
a <t>3D</t> <t>model</t> of the current flow distribution inside the head was calculated based on the finite element method using COMSOL Multiphysics software version 5.2 (details in supplementary information). The electrical current flow induced by 1.0 mA stimulation intensity, and electrode positions C3-Fp2, for anodal (a1, 2, 3), and cathodal (a4, 5, 6) stimulation over the motor cortex is shown. ñ .E refers to the absolute electrical field. b , c post-tDCS cortical excitability alterations after anodal, cathodal, and sham stimulation at the circadian-preferred and non-preferred times in early ( b ) and late ( c ) chronotypes ( n = 32, 16 per group). The results of the repeated measures ANOVA showed significant interactions of stimulation × chronotype × daytime and stimulation × chronotype × daytime × timeline (see Table ). The main effects of time of day and chronotype were not significant, however, they significantly interacted. Stimulation and timepoint did not significantly interact with chronotype or time of day (Table ). Post hoc comparisons (Bonferroni-corrected t tests, two-tailed) of MEP amplitudes to respective baseline values, the sham condition, and respective stimulation conditions at different times of day are marked by symbols in the figures. Filled symbols indicate a significant difference of cortical excitability against the respective baseline values. The floating symbol [*] indicates a significant difference between the real vs sham tDCS conditions, and the floating symbol [**] indicates an additional significant difference between respective timepoints of tDCS conditions at the circadian-preferred vs circadian non-preferred times. Sham stimulation did not induce any significant change in cortical excitability. Data are presented as mean values ± SEM. MEP motor-evoked potential, C3 left motor cortex, Fp2 right supraorbital area, V/m volts per meter.
Gauge Head Selector Switch (10 Position Common Outlet Flow Path Selector, Euta 2lsc10mweslf, supplied by VICI AG, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/gauge head selector switch (10 position common outlet flow-path selector, euta-2lsc10mweslf/product/VICI AG
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
gauge head selector switch (10 position common outlet flow-path selector, euta-2lsc10mweslf - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
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apparatus for measuring flow transonic ts420 incl. flow probe head  (POWERLAB INC)
90
POWERLAB INC apparatus for measuring flow transonic ts420 incl. flow probe head
a <t>3D</t> <t>model</t> of the current flow distribution inside the head was calculated based on the finite element method using COMSOL Multiphysics software version 5.2 (details in supplementary information). The electrical current flow induced by 1.0 mA stimulation intensity, and electrode positions C3-Fp2, for anodal (a1, 2, 3), and cathodal (a4, 5, 6) stimulation over the motor cortex is shown. ñ .E refers to the absolute electrical field. b , c post-tDCS cortical excitability alterations after anodal, cathodal, and sham stimulation at the circadian-preferred and non-preferred times in early ( b ) and late ( c ) chronotypes ( n = 32, 16 per group). The results of the repeated measures ANOVA showed significant interactions of stimulation × chronotype × daytime and stimulation × chronotype × daytime × timeline (see Table ). The main effects of time of day and chronotype were not significant, however, they significantly interacted. Stimulation and timepoint did not significantly interact with chronotype or time of day (Table ). Post hoc comparisons (Bonferroni-corrected t tests, two-tailed) of MEP amplitudes to respective baseline values, the sham condition, and respective stimulation conditions at different times of day are marked by symbols in the figures. Filled symbols indicate a significant difference of cortical excitability against the respective baseline values. The floating symbol [*] indicates a significant difference between the real vs sham tDCS conditions, and the floating symbol [**] indicates an additional significant difference between respective timepoints of tDCS conditions at the circadian-preferred vs circadian non-preferred times. Sham stimulation did not induce any significant change in cortical excitability. Data are presented as mean values ± SEM. MEP motor-evoked potential, C3 left motor cortex, Fp2 right supraorbital area, V/m volts per meter.
Apparatus For Measuring Flow Transonic Ts420 Incl. Flow Probe Head, supplied by POWERLAB INC, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/apparatus for measuring flow transonic ts420 incl. flow probe head/product/POWERLAB INC
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
apparatus for measuring flow transonic ts420 incl. flow probe head - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
90/100 stars
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flow ir head  (METTLER TOLEDO)
90
METTLER TOLEDO flow ir head
a <t>3D</t> <t>model</t> of the current flow distribution inside the head was calculated based on the finite element method using COMSOL Multiphysics software version 5.2 (details in supplementary information). The electrical current flow induced by 1.0 mA stimulation intensity, and electrode positions C3-Fp2, for anodal (a1, 2, 3), and cathodal (a4, 5, 6) stimulation over the motor cortex is shown. ñ .E refers to the absolute electrical field. b , c post-tDCS cortical excitability alterations after anodal, cathodal, and sham stimulation at the circadian-preferred and non-preferred times in early ( b ) and late ( c ) chronotypes ( n = 32, 16 per group). The results of the repeated measures ANOVA showed significant interactions of stimulation × chronotype × daytime and stimulation × chronotype × daytime × timeline (see Table ). The main effects of time of day and chronotype were not significant, however, they significantly interacted. Stimulation and timepoint did not significantly interact with chronotype or time of day (Table ). Post hoc comparisons (Bonferroni-corrected t tests, two-tailed) of MEP amplitudes to respective baseline values, the sham condition, and respective stimulation conditions at different times of day are marked by symbols in the figures. Filled symbols indicate a significant difference of cortical excitability against the respective baseline values. The floating symbol [*] indicates a significant difference between the real vs sham tDCS conditions, and the floating symbol [**] indicates an additional significant difference between respective timepoints of tDCS conditions at the circadian-preferred vs circadian non-preferred times. Sham stimulation did not induce any significant change in cortical excitability. Data are presented as mean values ± SEM. MEP motor-evoked potential, C3 left motor cortex, Fp2 right supraorbital area, V/m volts per meter.
Flow Ir Head, supplied by METTLER TOLEDO, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/flow ir head/product/METTLER TOLEDO
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
flow ir head - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
90/100 stars
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flow head adaptor  (ADInstruments)
92
ADInstruments flow head adaptor
a <t>3D</t> <t>model</t> of the current flow distribution inside the head was calculated based on the finite element method using COMSOL Multiphysics software version 5.2 (details in supplementary information). The electrical current flow induced by 1.0 mA stimulation intensity, and electrode positions C3-Fp2, for anodal (a1, 2, 3), and cathodal (a4, 5, 6) stimulation over the motor cortex is shown. ñ .E refers to the absolute electrical field. b , c post-tDCS cortical excitability alterations after anodal, cathodal, and sham stimulation at the circadian-preferred and non-preferred times in early ( b ) and late ( c ) chronotypes ( n = 32, 16 per group). The results of the repeated measures ANOVA showed significant interactions of stimulation × chronotype × daytime and stimulation × chronotype × daytime × timeline (see Table ). The main effects of time of day and chronotype were not significant, however, they significantly interacted. Stimulation and timepoint did not significantly interact with chronotype or time of day (Table ). Post hoc comparisons (Bonferroni-corrected t tests, two-tailed) of MEP amplitudes to respective baseline values, the sham condition, and respective stimulation conditions at different times of day are marked by symbols in the figures. Filled symbols indicate a significant difference of cortical excitability against the respective baseline values. The floating symbol [*] indicates a significant difference between the real vs sham tDCS conditions, and the floating symbol [**] indicates an additional significant difference between respective timepoints of tDCS conditions at the circadian-preferred vs circadian non-preferred times. Sham stimulation did not induce any significant change in cortical excitability. Data are presented as mean values ± SEM. MEP motor-evoked potential, C3 left motor cortex, Fp2 right supraorbital area, V/m volts per meter.
Flow Head Adaptor, supplied by ADInstruments, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 92/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/flow head adaptor/product/ADInstruments
Average 92 stars, based on 1 article reviews
flow head adaptor - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
92/100 stars
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normal flow nebulisation head  (SEDERE Inc)
90
SEDERE Inc normal flow nebulisation head
a <t>3D</t> <t>model</t> of the current flow distribution inside the head was calculated based on the finite element method using COMSOL Multiphysics software version 5.2 (details in supplementary information). The electrical current flow induced by 1.0 mA stimulation intensity, and electrode positions C3-Fp2, for anodal (a1, 2, 3), and cathodal (a4, 5, 6) stimulation over the motor cortex is shown. ñ .E refers to the absolute electrical field. b , c post-tDCS cortical excitability alterations after anodal, cathodal, and sham stimulation at the circadian-preferred and non-preferred times in early ( b ) and late ( c ) chronotypes ( n = 32, 16 per group). The results of the repeated measures ANOVA showed significant interactions of stimulation × chronotype × daytime and stimulation × chronotype × daytime × timeline (see Table ). The main effects of time of day and chronotype were not significant, however, they significantly interacted. Stimulation and timepoint did not significantly interact with chronotype or time of day (Table ). Post hoc comparisons (Bonferroni-corrected t tests, two-tailed) of MEP amplitudes to respective baseline values, the sham condition, and respective stimulation conditions at different times of day are marked by symbols in the figures. Filled symbols indicate a significant difference of cortical excitability against the respective baseline values. The floating symbol [*] indicates a significant difference between the real vs sham tDCS conditions, and the floating symbol [**] indicates an additional significant difference between respective timepoints of tDCS conditions at the circadian-preferred vs circadian non-preferred times. Sham stimulation did not induce any significant change in cortical excitability. Data are presented as mean values ± SEM. MEP motor-evoked potential, C3 left motor cortex, Fp2 right supraorbital area, V/m volts per meter.
Normal Flow Nebulisation Head, supplied by SEDERE Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/normal flow nebulisation head/product/SEDERE Inc
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
normal flow nebulisation head - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
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computerized portable spirometer with ultrasonic flow head ndd easy one pc ultrasonic spirometer  (ndd Medical Technologies Inc)
90
ndd Medical Technologies Inc computerized portable spirometer with ultrasonic flow head ndd easy one pc ultrasonic spirometer
a <t>3D</t> <t>model</t> of the current flow distribution inside the head was calculated based on the finite element method using COMSOL Multiphysics software version 5.2 (details in supplementary information). The electrical current flow induced by 1.0 mA stimulation intensity, and electrode positions C3-Fp2, for anodal (a1, 2, 3), and cathodal (a4, 5, 6) stimulation over the motor cortex is shown. ñ .E refers to the absolute electrical field. b , c post-tDCS cortical excitability alterations after anodal, cathodal, and sham stimulation at the circadian-preferred and non-preferred times in early ( b ) and late ( c ) chronotypes ( n = 32, 16 per group). The results of the repeated measures ANOVA showed significant interactions of stimulation × chronotype × daytime and stimulation × chronotype × daytime × timeline (see Table ). The main effects of time of day and chronotype were not significant, however, they significantly interacted. Stimulation and timepoint did not significantly interact with chronotype or time of day (Table ). Post hoc comparisons (Bonferroni-corrected t tests, two-tailed) of MEP amplitudes to respective baseline values, the sham condition, and respective stimulation conditions at different times of day are marked by symbols in the figures. Filled symbols indicate a significant difference of cortical excitability against the respective baseline values. The floating symbol [*] indicates a significant difference between the real vs sham tDCS conditions, and the floating symbol [**] indicates an additional significant difference between respective timepoints of tDCS conditions at the circadian-preferred vs circadian non-preferred times. Sham stimulation did not induce any significant change in cortical excitability. Data are presented as mean values ± SEM. MEP motor-evoked potential, C3 left motor cortex, Fp2 right supraorbital area, V/m volts per meter.
Computerized Portable Spirometer With Ultrasonic Flow Head Ndd Easy One Pc Ultrasonic Spirometer, supplied by ndd Medical Technologies Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/computerized portable spirometer with ultrasonic flow head ndd easy one pc ultrasonic spirometer/product/ndd Medical Technologies Inc
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
computerized portable spirometer with ultrasonic flow head ndd easy one pc ultrasonic spirometer - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
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head phantom with internal carotid flow  (Forschungszentrum gmbh)
90
Forschungszentrum gmbh head phantom with internal carotid flow
a <t>3D</t> <t>model</t> of the current flow distribution inside the head was calculated based on the finite element method using COMSOL Multiphysics software version 5.2 (details in supplementary information). The electrical current flow induced by 1.0 mA stimulation intensity, and electrode positions C3-Fp2, for anodal (a1, 2, 3), and cathodal (a4, 5, 6) stimulation over the motor cortex is shown. ñ .E refers to the absolute electrical field. b , c post-tDCS cortical excitability alterations after anodal, cathodal, and sham stimulation at the circadian-preferred and non-preferred times in early ( b ) and late ( c ) chronotypes ( n = 32, 16 per group). The results of the repeated measures ANOVA showed significant interactions of stimulation × chronotype × daytime and stimulation × chronotype × daytime × timeline (see Table ). The main effects of time of day and chronotype were not significant, however, they significantly interacted. Stimulation and timepoint did not significantly interact with chronotype or time of day (Table ). Post hoc comparisons (Bonferroni-corrected t tests, two-tailed) of MEP amplitudes to respective baseline values, the sham condition, and respective stimulation conditions at different times of day are marked by symbols in the figures. Filled symbols indicate a significant difference of cortical excitability against the respective baseline values. The floating symbol [*] indicates a significant difference between the real vs sham tDCS conditions, and the floating symbol [**] indicates an additional significant difference between respective timepoints of tDCS conditions at the circadian-preferred vs circadian non-preferred times. Sham stimulation did not induce any significant change in cortical excitability. Data are presented as mean values ± SEM. MEP motor-evoked potential, C3 left motor cortex, Fp2 right supraorbital area, V/m volts per meter.
Head Phantom With Internal Carotid Flow, supplied by Forschungszentrum gmbh, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/head phantom with internal carotid flow/product/Forschungszentrum gmbh
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
head phantom with internal carotid flow - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
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ceramic kynarw coated low-flow piston pump heads  (Fluid Metering Inc)
90
Fluid Metering Inc ceramic kynarw coated low-flow piston pump heads
a <t>3D</t> <t>model</t> of the current flow distribution inside the head was calculated based on the finite element method using COMSOL Multiphysics software version 5.2 (details in supplementary information). The electrical current flow induced by 1.0 mA stimulation intensity, and electrode positions C3-Fp2, for anodal (a1, 2, 3), and cathodal (a4, 5, 6) stimulation over the motor cortex is shown. ñ .E refers to the absolute electrical field. b , c post-tDCS cortical excitability alterations after anodal, cathodal, and sham stimulation at the circadian-preferred and non-preferred times in early ( b ) and late ( c ) chronotypes ( n = 32, 16 per group). The results of the repeated measures ANOVA showed significant interactions of stimulation × chronotype × daytime and stimulation × chronotype × daytime × timeline (see Table ). The main effects of time of day and chronotype were not significant, however, they significantly interacted. Stimulation and timepoint did not significantly interact with chronotype or time of day (Table ). Post hoc comparisons (Bonferroni-corrected t tests, two-tailed) of MEP amplitudes to respective baseline values, the sham condition, and respective stimulation conditions at different times of day are marked by symbols in the figures. Filled symbols indicate a significant difference of cortical excitability against the respective baseline values. The floating symbol [*] indicates a significant difference between the real vs sham tDCS conditions, and the floating symbol [**] indicates an additional significant difference between respective timepoints of tDCS conditions at the circadian-preferred vs circadian non-preferred times. Sham stimulation did not induce any significant change in cortical excitability. Data are presented as mean values ± SEM. MEP motor-evoked potential, C3 left motor cortex, Fp2 right supraorbital area, V/m volts per meter.
Ceramic Kynarw Coated Low Flow Piston Pump Heads, supplied by Fluid Metering Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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Image Search Results


a 3D model of the current flow distribution inside the head was calculated based on the finite element method using COMSOL Multiphysics software version 5.2 (details in supplementary information). The electrical current flow induced by 1.0 mA stimulation intensity, and electrode positions C3-Fp2, for anodal (a1, 2, 3), and cathodal (a4, 5, 6) stimulation over the motor cortex is shown. ñ .E refers to the absolute electrical field. b , c post-tDCS cortical excitability alterations after anodal, cathodal, and sham stimulation at the circadian-preferred and non-preferred times in early ( b ) and late ( c ) chronotypes ( n = 32, 16 per group). The results of the repeated measures ANOVA showed significant interactions of stimulation × chronotype × daytime and stimulation × chronotype × daytime × timeline (see Table ). The main effects of time of day and chronotype were not significant, however, they significantly interacted. Stimulation and timepoint did not significantly interact with chronotype or time of day (Table ). Post hoc comparisons (Bonferroni-corrected t tests, two-tailed) of MEP amplitudes to respective baseline values, the sham condition, and respective stimulation conditions at different times of day are marked by symbols in the figures. Filled symbols indicate a significant difference of cortical excitability against the respective baseline values. The floating symbol [*] indicates a significant difference between the real vs sham tDCS conditions, and the floating symbol [**] indicates an additional significant difference between respective timepoints of tDCS conditions at the circadian-preferred vs circadian non-preferred times. Sham stimulation did not induce any significant change in cortical excitability. Data are presented as mean values ± SEM. MEP motor-evoked potential, C3 left motor cortex, Fp2 right supraorbital area, V/m volts per meter.

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Cognitive functions and underlying parameters of human brain physiology are associated with chronotype

doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-24885-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: a 3D model of the current flow distribution inside the head was calculated based on the finite element method using COMSOL Multiphysics software version 5.2 (details in supplementary information). The electrical current flow induced by 1.0 mA stimulation intensity, and electrode positions C3-Fp2, for anodal (a1, 2, 3), and cathodal (a4, 5, 6) stimulation over the motor cortex is shown. ñ .E refers to the absolute electrical field. b , c post-tDCS cortical excitability alterations after anodal, cathodal, and sham stimulation at the circadian-preferred and non-preferred times in early ( b ) and late ( c ) chronotypes ( n = 32, 16 per group). The results of the repeated measures ANOVA showed significant interactions of stimulation × chronotype × daytime and stimulation × chronotype × daytime × timeline (see Table ). The main effects of time of day and chronotype were not significant, however, they significantly interacted. Stimulation and timepoint did not significantly interact with chronotype or time of day (Table ). Post hoc comparisons (Bonferroni-corrected t tests, two-tailed) of MEP amplitudes to respective baseline values, the sham condition, and respective stimulation conditions at different times of day are marked by symbols in the figures. Filled symbols indicate a significant difference of cortical excitability against the respective baseline values. The floating symbol [*] indicates a significant difference between the real vs sham tDCS conditions, and the floating symbol [**] indicates an additional significant difference between respective timepoints of tDCS conditions at the circadian-preferred vs circadian non-preferred times. Sham stimulation did not induce any significant change in cortical excitability. Data are presented as mean values ± SEM. MEP motor-evoked potential, C3 left motor cortex, Fp2 right supraorbital area, V/m volts per meter.

Article Snippet: Fig. 3 LTP/LTD-like plasticity induction in the motor cortex. a 3D model of the current flow distribution inside the head was calculated based on the finite element method using COMSOL Multiphysics software version 5.2 (details in supplementary information).

Techniques: Software, Two Tailed Test